Fire Sprinkler Heads: Structure, Types, and Working Principle for Fire Safety

What Are Fire Sprinkler Heads?

Structure of Fire Sprinkler Heads

• Sprinkler Head: The component that disperses water when activated.
• Heat-Sensitive Glass Bulb: The core element, filled with liquids like kerosene or ether. These bulbs come in various colors  and are engineered to burst at specific temperatures.
• Pipe Plug: Seals the water pipe until the sprinkler is activated.
• Water Pipe: Connects the sprinkler to the pressurized water supply network.
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Types of Fire Sprinkler Heads

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  • Pendent Sprinklers: Installed downward from ceilings, ideal for open spaces.
  • Upright Sprinklers: Installed upward, often used in areas with high ceilings or where debris might accumulate.
  • Sidewall Sprinklers: Mounted on walls, designed to protect the area below and adjacent to the wall.
  • General-Purpose Sprinklers: Versatile, suitable for both pendent and upright installations in standard environments.

   

The Role of Heat-Sensitive Glass Bulbs

Red (68°C): The most common type, activating at 68°C – typical for residential and commercial spaces.

Yellow (79°C): Activates at 79°C, used in warmer environments like kitchens.

Green (93°C): Activates at 93°C, suitable for areas with higher ambient temperatures.

Blue (141°C): Activates at 141°C, used in industrial settings with extreme heat.

Working Principle of Fire Sprinkler Heads

1. Installation: Sprinklers are mounted on walls or ceilings, connected to a pressurized water pipeline.
2. Activation: During a fire, the heat-sensitive glass bulb is exposed to high temperatures. The liquid inside expands, causing the bulb to burst.
3. Water Discharge: Once the bulb breaks, the pipe plug is released, and water flows out through the sprinkler head in a designed pattern.
4. Fire Suppression: The water sprays continuously over the fire, either extinguishing it completely or controlling heat and smoke until the fire department arrives.